With the continuously increasing growth of the elderly population, bone diseases are an important cause for direct and indirect economic losses due to severe long-term pain or physical disabilities. While osteoarthritis is a disease of the articular cartilage, secondary changes further affect subchondral bone remodeling, especially in the late stages. Д«one disorders, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone cancer, bone fractures, and infections, represent a great burden that affects individual life quality and society. However, in the case of major injuries and defects, external intervention is required for restoring the functionality of bone. Thus, bone tissue possesses a remarkable capacity for self-remodeling and self-healing when small defects occur. Through the interactions between osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, bone tissue is characterized by a continuously dynamic process of the new bone formation while resorting to the old tissue. Structurally, bone is a nanocomposite composed of organic collagen nanofibers and inorganic compounds, such as hydroxyapatite and whitlockite, that range in size between 20 and 50 nm in the lamellar bone and 10 and 50 nm in the woven bone. In this context, the present paper aims to provide an overview of the main mechanisms involved in bone repair and regeneration and the potential of EOs to address and enhance these mechanisms.Д«one is a tissue organized into two main compartments, namely trabecular bone i.e., cancellous or spongy and cortical bone, i.e., dense or compact. JohnвЂ™s wort, rosemary, thyme, ylang, white poplar, eucalyptus, lavender, and grape seed. Current studies focus on either the direct application of EOs on bone tissue or the introduction of EOs as bioactive compounds in bone scaffolds or as coatings for bone implants.

In this regard, plant-derived biocompounds, especially essential oils (EOs), have received great scientific attention in recent years, owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects.

However, as such approaches often lead to disruptions of bone-regeneration processes and microbial contaminations and are often inefficient, researchers focus on developing bone-regenerative strategies and identifying novel therapeutic agents that could aid the bone-healing process. Conventional treatment options involve surgical procedures for repair and reconstruction, local debridement, autografts or allografts, bone transport, MasqueletвЂ™s two-stage reconstructions, and vascularized bone transplants. Although bone possesses a remarkable capacity for self-remodeling and self-healing of small defects, the continuously increasing growth of bone diseases in the elderly population is becoming a significant burden, affecting individual life quality and society.

Essential anatomy 3 activation code